Novel Putative Tymoviridae-like Virus Isolated from Culex Mosquitoes in Colombia.

The family Tymoviridae comprises positive-sense RNA viruses, which mainly infect plants. Recently, a few Tymoviridae-like viruses have been found in mosquitoes, which feed on vertebrate sources. We describe a novel Tymoviridae-like virus, putatively named, Guachaca virus (GUAV), isolated from Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus species of mosquitoes and collected in the rural area of Santa Marta, Colombia. After a cytopathic effect was observed in C6/36 cells, RNA was extracted and processed through the NetoVIR next-generation sequencing protocol, and data were analyzed through the VirMAP pipeline. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of the GUAV was achieved using a 5'/3' RACE, transmission electron microscopy, amplification in vertebrate cells, and phylogenetic analysis. A cytopathic effect was observed in C6/36 cells three days post-infection. The GUAV genome was successfully assembled, and its polyadenylated 3' end was corroborated. GUAV shared only 54.9% amino acid identity with its closest relative, Ek Balam virus, and was grouped with the latter and other unclassified insect-associated tymoviruses in a phylogenetic analysis. GUAV is a new member of a family previously described as comprising plant-infecting viruses, which seem to infect and replicate in mosquitoes. The sugar- and blood-feeding behavior of the Culex spp., implies a sustained contact with plants and vertebrates and justifies further studies to unravel the ecological scenario for transmission.

Effect of Postmortem Degradation on the Preservation of Viral Particles and Rabies Antigens in Mice Brains. Light and Electron Microscopic Study.

Rabies diagnosis is mainly made on fresh brain tissue postmortem by means of the direct immunofluorescence test. However, in some cases, it is not possible to use this technique, given that the affected nervous tissue goes through a postmortem degradation process, due to problems in the handling and transport of the samples. For this reason, the preservation in time of the rabies virus inclusions was assessed, as well as the immunoreactivity and the ultrastructure of viral particles in tissue with postmortem degradation. Brains of mice inoculated with rabies virus and control mice were processed for conventional histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy in different postmortem times. In the processed tissues for hematoxylin and eosin, the presence of eosinophilic inclusions was not observed beyond 12 h postmortem. Surprisingly, the immunoreactivity of the viral antigens increased with time, at least until 30 h postmortem. It was possible to easily recognize the viral particles by means of conventional electron microscopy until 12 h postmortem. Immunoelectron microscopy allowed us to identify the presence of viral antigens disseminated in the neuronal cytoplasm until 30 h postmortem, but immunoreactive viral particles were not observed. The rabies infection did not cause histological or ultrastructural alterations different from those in the control group as a result of the postmortem degradation. In conclusion, the immunohistochemistry is a reliable test for rabies diagnosis in samples with postmortem degradation and that have been fixed with aldehydes.

Complete Genome Sequence of a Colombian Zika Virus Strain Obtained from BALB/c Mouse Brain after Intraperitoneal Inoculation.

A Zika virus (ZIKV) strain was isolated from an acute febrile patient during the Zika epidemics in Colombia. The strain was intraperitoneally inoculated into BALB/c mice, and 7 days postinoculation, neurological manifestations and ZIKV infection in the brain were demonstrated. The reported genome sequence is highly related to strains circulating in the Americas.

[Nuclei ultrastructural changes of C6/36 cells infected with virus dengue type 2].

INTRODUCTION: Dengue virus replication has been considered mainly cytoplasmic, however, studies indicate that some flaviviruses may use the intranuclear pathway as part of the machinery that the virus uses to increase infection capacity in the host cell. This paper describes alterations at nuclear level in the cell infected with dengue, which are likely involved in the virus replication processes. OBJECTIVE: This paper addresses the ultrastructural observations of C6/36 cells of the Aedes albopictus mosquito infected with dengue virus type 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C6/36 cells were infected in culture medium with the serum of a patient positively diagnosed for dengue 2. Subsequently, the cells were incubated for 10 days and the cytopathic effect was assessed. The cells were processed for immunofluorescence assays and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: The immunofluorescence assays confirmed the presence of viral protein E associated with cellular syncytia in the culture. In the ultrastructural study, the infected cells showed vesicular-tubular structures and dilated cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum at the cytoplasmic level. Viral particles were found exclusively in cytoplasm localized within the vacuoles. Nuclei of cellular syncytia showed membrane structures arranged in a circular shape and, in some cases, these syncytia displayed lysis; in no case viral particles were observed at the nuclear level. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrastructural alterations of nuclei in cells infected with the dengue virus using electron microscopy techniques had not been reported before, as far as we know. It is likely that such modifications are associated with replicative processes at an intranuclear level as an alternate replication mechanism.

Virus de la influenza / Influenza Virus

El virus de la influenza es un importante agente patógeno humano que causa infecciones respiratorias y una considerable morbimortalidad anual a nivel mundial. El virus puede circular esporádicamente durante brotes locales como parte de una epidemia estacional o puede generar una pandemia mundial. Durante las epidemias estacionales, la mortalidad se reporta principalmente entre personas muy jóvenes y adultos mayores; la Organización Mundial de la Salud estima que cada año se presentan entre tres y cinco millones de casos de enfermedad grave y de 250.000 a 500.000 muertes en el mundo. Las pandemias de influenza se presentan cuando se produce un reordenamiento genético del virus (antigen shift) que da lugar a una variante antigénicamente novedosa para la cual no hay anticuerpos en la población. Hasta la fecha se han reportado pandemias en 1918, 1957, 1968 y 2009, las cuales causaron la muerte de 60 millones de personas, aproximadamente.

[Detection of dengue virus antigen in post-mortem tissues]. / Detección de antígenos del virus del dengue en tejidos post mórtem.

The epidemiological situation of dengue has worsened over the last decade. The difficulties in preventing its transmission and the absence of a vaccine or specific treatment have made dengue a serious risk to public health, health centers and research systems at different levels. Currently, most studies on the pathogenesis of dengue infection focus on the T-cell immune response almost exclusively in secondary infections and are aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the development of vascular permeability and bleeding events that accompany the infection. This report describes the case of a baby girl less than 45 days of age with clinical signs of severe dengue, whose diagnosis was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in post-mortem tissue samples and by the ancillary diagnostic use of immunohistochemistry, which detected viral antigens in all organs obtained at autopsy. This case highlights the importance of studying primary infections associated with severe dengue, particularly in children, who are more likely to develop the severe form of the disease without previous infection, and it further stresses the importance of a diagnosis that should not be based solely on the examination of liver tissue samples when studying the pathogenesis of the viral infection.

Detección de antígenos del virus del dengue en tejidos post mórtem / Detection of dengue virus antigen in post-mortem tissues

El panorama epidemiológico del dengue ha empeorado durante la última década. Las dificultades para prevenir su transmisión, así como la ausencia de una vacuna o tratamiento específico, lo convierten en un riesgo que desafía las medidas de salud pública y desborda la capacidad de los centros de salud y los sistemas de investigación a muchos niveles. Actualmente, la mayoría de los estudios sobre la patogenia de la infección centran su atención en la respuesta inmunitaria de las células T casi exclusivamente en infecciones secundarias y están dirigidos a identificar los mecanismos implicados en el desarrollo de la permeabilidad vascular y de los eventos hemorrágicos que lo acompañan. En este reporte se describe el caso de una menor de 45 días de edad con signos clínicos de dengue grave, cuyo diagnóstico se confirmó por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción inversa en muestras de tejido post mórtem y por herramientas de apoyo diagnóstico de inmunohistoquímica, las cuales detectaron antígenos virales en todos los órganos obtenidos en la necropsia. Este caso subraya la importancia del estudio de las infecciones primarias asociadas a dengue grave, particularmente en niños, en quienes es más probable el desarrollo de la forma grave de la enfermedad sin una infección previa, y, además, pone de relieve la importancia de un diagnóstico que no se limite a las muestras de tejido hepático en el estudio de la patogenia de la infección viral.

The epidemiological situation of dengue has worsened over the last decade. The difficulties in preventing its transmission and the absence of a vaccine or specific treatment have made dengue a serious risk to public health, health centers and research systems at different levels. Currently, most studies on the pathogenesis of dengue infection focus on the T-cell immune response almost exclusively in secondary infections and are aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the development of vascular permeability and bleeding events that accompany the infection. This report describes the case of a baby girl less than 45 days of age with clinical signs of severe dengue, whose diagnosis was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in post-mortem tissue samples and by the ancillary diagnostic use of immunohistochemistry, which detected viral antigens in all organs obtained at autopsy. This case highlights the importance of studying primary infections associated with severe dengue, particularly in children, who are more likely to develop the severe form of the disease without previous infection, and it further stresses the importance of a diagnosis that should not be based solely on the examination of liver tissue samples when studying the pathogenesis of the viral infection.

Glucógeno hepático en dengue severo: análisis histopatológico / Hepatic glucogen in cases with severe dengue: histopathological changes

Antecedentes: El virus del dengue afecta distintos órganos, pero se ha determinado que el hígado es el principal blanco de acción y en donde ocurre la mayor severidad del daño. Existen pocos estudios sobre los cambios histológicos durante la infección por dengue. Objetivos: Analizar las alteraciones histopatológicas post-mortem en hígados de pacientes que presentaron la forma grave del dengue. Métodos: Se revisaron los cortes de hígado de 20 pacientes con dengue severo y se realizaron coloraciones y pruebas para glucógeno. Resultados: Encontramos pérdida de glucógeno citoplasmático en todos los casos analizados y la presencia de glucógeno intranuclear en dos de ellos. Conclusiones: En este estudio se reporta por primera vez la presencia de masas de glucógeno intranuclear en hepatocitos de dos niños fallecidos con dengue grave.

Background: Dengue virus affects various organs, but the liver is the main target of damage and where the most severe damage can occur. There are few studies on the histological changes in the liver during dengue infection. Aims: To analyze the histopathological post-mortem alterations in livers from patients with Methods: We revised serial liver sections, which were stained and tested for glycogen, from 20 patients with severe dengue. Results: We found loss of cytoplasmic glycogen in all cases analyzed and the presence of intranuclear glycogen in two of them. Conclusions: This is the first report of the presence of intranuclear glycogen masses during severe dengue.

Alteraciones morfológicas en pulmón por la influenza A H1N1/v09 en autopsias, Colombia, 2009 / Morphological changes in lung tissue of victims associated with the 2009 A H1N1/v09 influenza pandemic in Colombia

Introducción. La influenza es una infección respiratoria aguda que se presenta de forma estacional y pandémica. En el 2009, la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) declaró una pandemia por influenza de tipo A en la que se reportaron en Colombia 3.876 casos de infección, de los cuales 239 fallecieron. Objetivo. Describir los cambios morfológicos asociados a la infección por el virus A H1N1/v09 en tejido pulmonar de autopsias de la pandemia de 2009 en Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 75 casos con diagnóstico por RT-PCR para el virus A H1N1/v09, de los cuales, 20 fueron seleccionados para el estudio morfológico mediante microscopía convencional de luz, microscopía óptica de alta resolución y electrónica de transmisión e inmunohistoquímica.Resultados. De los 75 casos estudiados, 83 % presentaron pneumonitis viral y 17 % alveolitis. Se observaron complicaciones por hemorragia intraalveolar (66 %) y edema (89 %), daño alveolar difuso (2 %) e infección bacteriana concomitante (32 %).Algunos de los cambios morfológicos observados fueron: destrucción del epitelio alveolary el instersticio, edema, macrófagos con citoplasma vacuolado e infiltración de leucocitos polimorfonucleares en la luz alveolar y el intersticio; vacuolización citoplásmica en neumocitos de tipo I y cuerpos electrodensos en restos celulares en la luz alveolar; inmunorreacción de antígenos virales en el epitelio bronquiolar y en células del infiltrado alveolar. Conclusión. El porcentaje bajo de infección bacteriana concomitante observado en los casos de influenza A H1N1/ v09 en este estudio, es una característica sobresaliente que sugiere que el resultado fatal de la infección, probablemente no esté asociado a una enfermedad bacteriana secundaria, como se ha sugerido en reportes previos. Es probable que las lesiones observadas se puedan atribuir al daño tisular en la respuesta inflamatoria celular y humoral asociada a la infiltración por células poliformonucleares y macrófagos en el intersticio y la luz alveolares, como también por la lesión viral.

Introduction. Influenza is an acute respiratory infection that may be seasonal or pandemic. In 2009 The World Health Organization (WHO) declared an influenza pandemia; 3,876 cases and 239 deaths were reported in Colombia. Objective. The morphological changes in lung tissues associated with virus infection H1N1/v09 were described from autopsied victims.Materials and methods. Seventy-five cases were diagnosed by RT-PCR for influenza A H1N1/v09, of which the lungs of 20 were selected for morphological study by light microscopy, optical microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results. Of the 75 cases, 83% had viral pneumonitis and 17% alveolitis. Complications included intra-alveolar hemorrhage (66%), edema (89%), diffuse alveolar damage (2%), and bacterial co-infection (32%). Morphological changes were as follows: destruction of the alveolar epithelium and interstitium, edema, macrophages with vacuolated cytoplasm,and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the alveolar lumen and interstitium, vacuolization cytoplasmic type I pneumocytes and electron-dense bodies in cellular debris in the alveolar lumen, and immunoreactivity of viral antigens in bronchiolar epithelial cells and alveolar infiltrate. Conclusion. The low percentage of bacterial co-infection observed in these cases was a prominent feature, and suggested that the fatal result was probably not associated with secondary bacterial disease (Indicated by previous reports). The tissue lesions were attributed to tissue damage due to viral lesion, as well as the cellular and humoral inflammatory response associated with infiltration by polymorphonucleocytes and macrophages in the interstitium and alveolar lumen.

Effect of an Oxadiazoline and a Lignan on Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis and Ultrastructural Changes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an important disease that causes thousands of deaths around the world. Resistance against antitubercular available drugs has been reported; so, research on new effective antimycobacterial molecules is needed. Antimycobacterial activity of three lignans and two synthetic hydrazones was assessed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by antimycobacterial microdilution assay (TEMA). An oxadiazoline (AC451) and a lignan (ethoxycubebin) were the most active compounds (MIC 6.09 and 62.4 µM, resp.). Several changes in mycolic acid profile of treated bacteria were detected with both compounds by mass spectrometry analysis. Additionally, the level of reduction of mycolic acids in ethoxycubebin treatment was correlated to disruption in bacterial morphology.

[Morphological changes in lung tissue of victims associated with the 2009 A H1N1/v09 influenza pandemic in Colombia]. / Alteraciones morfológicas en pulmón por la influenza A H1N1/v09 en autopsias, Colombia, 2009.

INTRODUCTION: Influenza is an acute respiratory infection that may be seasonal or pandemic. In 2009 The World Health Organization (WHO) declared an influenza pandemia; 3,876 cases and 239 deaths were reported in Colombia. OBJECTIVE: The morphological changes in lung tissues associated with virus infection H1N1/v09 were described from autopsied victims. Materials and methods. Seventy-five cases were diagnosed by RT-PCR for influenza A H1N1/v09, of which the lungs of 20 were selected for morphological study by light microscopy, optical microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Of the 75 cases, 83% had viral pneumonitis and 17% alveolitis. Complications included intra-alveolar hemorrhage (66%), edema (89%), diffuse alveolar damage (2%), and bacterial co-infection (32%). Morphological changes were as follows: destruction of the alveolar epithelium and interstitium, edema, macrophages with vacuolated cytoplasm,and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the alveolar lumen and interstitium, vacuolization cytoplasmic type I pneumocytes and electronedense bodies in cellular debris in the alveolar lumen, and immunoreactivity of viral antigens in bronchiolar epithelial cells and alveolar infiltrate. CONCLUSION: The low percentage of bacterial co-infection observed in these cases was a prominent feature, and suggested that the fatal result was probably not associated with secondary bacterial disease (Indicated by previous reports). The tissue lesions were attributed to tissue damage due to viral lesion, as well as the cellular and humoral inflammatory response associated with infiltration by polymorphonucleocytes and macrophages in the interstitium and alveolar lumen.

[Production and evaluation of an antiserum for immunohistochemical detection of rabies virus in aldehyde fixed brain tissues]. / Elaboración y evaluación de un antisuero para la detección inmunohistoquímica del virus de la rabia en tejido cerebral fijado en aldehídos.

INTRODUCTION: The standard procedure for rabies diagnosis requires fresh samples of infected brain to be analyzed by two techniques, direct immunofluorescence and inoculation in mice. Rabies-infected, aldehyde-fixed brain tissues can be examined by immunohistochemistry, but the required commercial antibodies are scarce and expensive. OBJECTIVES: An anti-rabies antiserum was produced and tested to evaluate the effectiveness of rabies antigen detection in aldehyde preserved brain tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rabbits were inoculated with a rabies vaccine produced in Vero cells (origin-African green monkey kidney). Anti-rabies antiserum was obtained and tested by immunohistochemistry in aldehyde-fixed brain sections of rabies-infected mice. Several experimental conditions were assayed. The usefulness of the antiserum in human pathology samples was also tested. RESULTS: The specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated for immunohistochemical detection of rabies antigen in fixed aldehydes nervous tissue both from experimental material and pathology archival collection. In addition, the antiserum was successful in detecting rabies virus under conditions that have been considered unfavorable for the preservation of antigens. CONCLUSIONS: The inoculation of rabies vaccine in rabbits is an easy and safe procedure for obtaining antiserum useful for the detection of rabies antigen in samples of nervous tissue. Sections obtained on vibratome better preserve the viral antigenicity in comparison with paraffin-embedded tissues. This methods permit less expensive and more rapid immunohistochemical diagnosis of rabies.

Cuantificación de los melanocitos en la piel facial: otra ayuda para evaluar los bordes de resección del melanoma / Quantification of melanocytes in facial skin: another help for evaluation of resection borders of melanoma

Introducción: Los melanocitos epidérmicos están ampliamente separados entre sí, rodeados por un halo; son de citoplasma claro y núcleo picnótico, más pequeño que el de los queratocitos. En la cara es difícil diferenciar entre los cambios por exposición solar y un melanoma in situ, así como establecer si los bordes de resección de un melanoma in situ tienen tumor o si los melanocitos presentes sólo tienen cambios por el sol. Objetivo: Cuantificar el número de melanocitos en adultos normales y en los bordes de resección sin tumor, de carcinomas basocelulares y de melanomas in situ de la piel malar. Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron veinticinco especímenes de piel tipo I-II de la mejilla de adultos mayores de 40 años, siete de autopsias de hombres, once de los bordes de carcinomas basocelulares y siete de los bordes de resección de melanomas in situ, libres de tumor. Con la coloración de hematoxilina-eosina, tres observadores contaron los melanocitos basales por milímetro lineal en cada espécimen, usando un fotomicroscopio Axiophot Zeiss. Resultados: En un milímetro lineal (3 campos de 40X), el número de melanocitos fue de 18±3 en la piel normal, de 22±7 en los bordes del carcinoma basocelular y de 30±9 en los del melanoma in situ. Conclusiones: El número máximo de melanocitos en un campo de 40X en los tejidos estudiados no debe exceder de 7,5±4 (30 melanocitos) por mm lineal. Un número mayor es una alerta que debe unirse a otros cambios para determinar si hay persistencia de melanoma in situ.

Elaboración y evaluación de un antisuero para la detección inmunohistoquímica del virus de la rabia en tejido cerebral fijado en aldehídos / Production and evaluation of an antiserum for immunohistochemical detection of rabies virus in aldehyde fixed brain tissues

Introducción. El procedimiento estándar para el diagnóstico de la rabia requiere de muestras frescas del cerebro infectado, que se estudian mediante las técnicas de inmunofluorescencia directa y la inoculación en ratones. No obstante, a veces se necesita estudiar cerebros infectados con rabia mediante inmunohistoquímica de material fijado en aldehídos, pero los anticuerpos comerciales que se requieren son escasos y costosos. Objetivos. Elaborar un antisuero antirrábico y probar su efectividad para reconocer antígenos de rabia en tejido cerebral preservado en aldehídos. Materiales y métodos. Se inocularon conejos con una vacuna antirrábica producida en células Vero. Se obtuvo un antisuero que fue probado mediante inmunohistoquímica en cortes de cerebro de ratones infectados con rabia, obtenidos en diferentes condiciones experimentales y fijados en aldehídos. Además, se ensayó su utilidad en material de colección histopatológica de casos de rabia humana. Resultados. Se demostró la especificidad del antisuero obtenido para la detección inmunohistoquímica de antígenos de la rabia en tejido nervioso fijado con aldehídos y procedente de material experimental y del archivo histopatológico. Además, el antisuero resultó ser útil para la detección del virus rábico en condiciones que se consideran desfavorables para la preservación de antígenos. Conclusiones. La inoculación de vacuna antirrábica en conejos es un procedimiento fácil y seguro para la obtención de antisuero útil para la detección de antígenos de la rabia en muestras de tejido nervioso. Los cortes obtenidos con vibrátomo preservan mejor la antigenicidad en comparación con los tejidos incluidos en parafina, y permiten acortar el tiempo para hacer el diagnóstico inmunohistoquímico de la rabia.

Introduction. The standard procedure for rabies diagnosis requires fresh samples of infected brain to be analyzed by two techniques, direct immunofluorescence and inoculation in mice. Rabies-infected, aldehyde-fixed brain tissues can be examined by immunohistochemistry, but the required commercial antibodies are scarce and expensive. Objectives. An anti-rabies antiserum was produced and tested to evaluate the effectiveness of rabies antigen detection in aldehyde preserved brain tissue. Materials and methods. Rabbits were inoculated with a rabies vaccine produced in Vero cells (origin-African green monkey kidney). Anti-rabies antiserum was obtained and tested by immunohistochemistry in aldehyde-fixed brain sections of rabies-infected mice. Several experimental conditions were assayed. The usefulness of the antiserum in human pathology samples was also tested. Results. The specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated for immunohistochemical detection of rabies antigen in fixed aldehydes nervous tissue both from experimental material and pathology archival collection. In addition, the antiserum was successful in detecting rabies virus under conditions that have been considered unfavorable for the preservation of antigens. Conclusions. The inoculation of rabies vaccine in rabbits is an easy and safe procedure for obtaining antiserum useful for the detection of rabies antigen in samples of nervous tissue. Sections obtained on vibratome better preserve the viral antigenicity in comparison with paraffin-embedded tissues. This methods permit less expensive and more rapid immunohistochemical diagnosis of rabies.

Morfología y citoquímica de cultivos celulares de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) y susceptibilidad a Leishmania panamensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)

Morphology and cytochemistry of Aedes aegypti’s cell cultures (Diptera: Culicidae) and susceptibility to Leishmania panamensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). The first cellular line of Aedes aegypti was developed by Grace in 1966; afterwards, other cellular lines of this species have been generated. These have been used for the study of pathogenic organisms like viruses, bacteria and parasites, which demonstrates their importance in biomedical applications. This research describes, for the first time, some cytochemical characteristics of A. aegypti cell cultures, that were infected with (MHOM/CO/87CL412) strain of Leishmania panamensis. A morphological study of the cell culture was also carried out. Maintenance of the cell culture, parasites and infection in vitro were carried out in the Laboratory of Entomology, Cell Biology and Genetics of the Universidad de La Salle. The cell cultures infected with the parasite were maintained in a mixture of mediums Grace/L15, supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) at pH 6.8 and a temperature of 26 ºC, during 3, 6 and 9 post-infection days. After this, these cell cultures were processed through High Resolution Light Microscopy (HRLM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) based on standard protocols defined by the Group of Microscopy and Image Analyses of the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Semi-fine slices of 1 µm colored with toluidine blue were used for the morphological analysis of the culture, and ultra fine cuts of 60 to 90 nm stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate where used for the ultrastructural study. In addition, PAS and peroxidase staining was carried out in cells fixed with methanol. The morphometric study was analyzed with software ImageJ (NIH). In the semi-fine slices, small cells were observed showing fibroblastic appearance 10.84±2.54 µm in length and 5.31±1.26 µm wide; other cells had epithelial appearance with a great peripheral nucleus, voluminous and vacuolated cytoplasm, 23.04±4,00 µm in length and 13.96±3.70 µm wide. These last ones predominated over the ones with fibroblastic appearance. Regarding the PAS coloration, 7.08 % of the cells presented abundant PAS positive cytoplasmatic granules which indicated polysaccharides presence. The peroxidase test gave a negative result. The greatest percentage of infection (18.90 %) of one total of 101 cells, turned up by day 6. Some cells analyzed by TEM presented a vacuolated aspect cytoplasm; some contained parasites, other fibrillar material and others were empty. The results indicate that A. aegypti cell culture can support the internalization and transformation of the parasite, which demonstrates the capacity that these cell cultures have to be infected with L. panamensis and to maintain the infection for approximately one week. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 447-458. Epub 2008 June 30.

La primera línea celular de Aedes aegypti fue establecida por Grace en 1966 y desde entonces se han utilizado para el estudio de virus, bacterias y parásitos. En el presente trabajo se describen, por primera vez, algunas características citoquímicas de los cultivos celulares de A. aegypti, infectados con la cepa (MHOM/CO/87CL412) de Leishmania panamensis. También se realizó un estudio morfológico de las células del cultivo. Se observaron 30 células pequeñas con apariencia fibrolastoide de 10.84±2.54 µm de largo y 5.31±1.26 µm de ancho; otras 30 presentaron apariencia epitelioide con 23.04±4.00 µm de largo y 13.96±3.70 µm de ancho; éstas últimas predominaron sobre las de apariencia fibroblastoide. De 113 células, un 7.08%, presentaron abundantes gránulos citoplasmáticos positivos con la coloración de PAS, indicando presencia de polisacáridos. La prueba de peroxidasa dio un resultado negativo. El mayor porcentaje de infección (18.90%), de un total de 101 células, se presentó el día 6. Ultraestructuralmente, las células presentaron un citoplasma con aspecto vacuolado; algunas contenían parásitos, otras material fibrilar y otras estaban vacías. Los resultados indican que los cultivos celulares de A. aegypti pueden ser infectados por L. panamensis y mantener dicho proceso por aproximadamente una semana.

Cellular location of KMP-11 protein in Trypanosoma rangeli.

We describe the localization of the KMP-11 protein in the Trypanosoma rangeli parasite determined by immunoelectron microscopy using a monoclonal antibody generated against the Trypanosoma cruzi KMP-11 protein. The data reported herein show that the T. rangeli KMP-11 protein is mainly accumulated in the parasite cytoplasm, the coat, the flagellum, and the flagellar pocket. The high degree of sequence homology between the KMP-11 proteins from both parasites suggests that the KMP-11 protein from T. rangeli, like that of T. cruzi, could also be associated with the parasite cytoskeleton.

[Morphology and cytochemistry of Aedes aegypti's cell cultures (Diptera: Culicidae) and susceptibility to Leishmania panamensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)]. / Morfología y citoquímica de cultivos celulares de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) y susceptibilidad a Leishmania panamensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae).

Morphology and cytochemistry of Aedes aegypti's cell cultures (Diptera: Culicidae) and susceptibility to Leishmania panamensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). The first cellular line of Aedes aegypti was developed by Grace in 1966; afterwards, other cellular lines of this species have been generated. These have been used for the study of pathogenic organisms like viruses, bacteria and parasites, which demonstrates their importance in biomedical applications. This research describes, for the first time, some cytochemical characteristics of A. aegypti cell cultures, that were infected with (MHOM/CO/87CL412) strain of Leishmania panamensis. A morphological study of the cell culture was also carried out. Maintenance of the cell culture, parasites and infection in vitro were carried out in the Laboratory of Entomology, Cell Biology and Genetics of the Universidad de La Salle. The cell cultures infected with the parasite were maintained in a mixture of mediums Grace/L15, supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) at pH 6.8 and a temperature of 26 degrees C, during 3, 6 and 9 post-infection days. After this, these cell cultures were processed through High Resolution Light Microscopy (HRLM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) based on standard protocols defined by the Group of Microscopy and Image Analyses of the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Semi-fine slices of 1 microm colored with toluidine blue were used for the morphological analysis of the culture, and ultra fine cuts of 60 to 90 nm stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate where used for the ultrastructural study. In addition, PAS and peroxidase staining was carried out in cells fixed with methanol. The morphometric study was analyzed with software ImageJ (NIH). In the semi-fine slices, small cells were observed showing fibroblastic appearance 10.84 +/- 2.54 microm in length and 5.31 +/- 1.26 microm wide; other cells had epithelial appearance with a great peripheral nucleus, voluminous and vacuolated cytoplasm, 23.04 +/- 4.00 microm in length and 13.96 3.70 microm wide. These last ones predominated over the ones with fibroblastic appearance. Regarding the PAS coloration, 7.08% of the cells presented abundant PAS positive cytoplasmatic granules which indicated polysaccharides presence. The peroxidase test gave a negative result. The greatest percentage of infection (18.90%) of one total of 101 cells, turned up by day 6. Some cells analyzed by TEM presented a vacuolated aspect cytoplasm; some contained parasites, other fibrillar material and others were empty. The results indicate that A. aegypti cell culture can support the internalization and transformation of the parasite, which demonstrates the capacity that these cell cultures have to be infected with L. panamensis and to maintain the infection for approximately one week.

Estudio ultraestructural de la fagocitosis de promastigotes y amastigotes de Leishmania mexicana por la línea de células dendríticas FSDC / Phagocytosis of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana by the FSDC

Introducción. Las células dendríticas están presentes en la mayoría de los tejidos, ellas capturan y presentan antígenos para activar a los linfocitos T. Objetivo. Se describe ultraestructuralmente la fagocitosis de Leishmania mexicana por la línea de células dendríticas FSDC, una línea de células de Langerhans obtenida de la epidermis fetal de ratón, e inmortalizada por la transducción retroviral del oncogen v-myc. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvieron amastigotes de la lesión de ratones Balb/c y promastigotes a partir del cultivo (24°C) de la lesión. Las FSDC se cultivaron con los parásitos en una proporción de 5 parásitos por célula, en medio IMDM, durante 24 horas. Los cultivos infectados y los controles se procesaron para microscopía electrónica de transmisión. Se hicieron cortes semifinos contrastados con azul de toluidina para evaluar porcentaje de fagocitosis y finos, contrastados con acetato de uranilo y citrato de plomo. Resultados. El 13,42 por ciento de las FSDC fagocitaron promastigotes; de ellas el 8 por ciento contenían un parásito y el restante 5,2 por ciento fagocitó dos o más. El 20 por ciento de las FSDC fagocitaron amastigotes; 10 por ciento contenían un parásito y 10 por ciento dos o más. Ultraestructuralmente se observaron promastigotes en contacto con las células por el flagelo o por el polo posterior. Los fagosomas que contenían promastigotes eran organelos estrechos con uno ó dos parásitos. Los que contenían amastigotes eran de gran tamaño (8 µm) con uno o varios parásitos, libres o adosados a la membrana del fagosoma por su polo posterior. Conclusión. La infección de las FSDC se caracterizó por una baja tasa de células infectadas al ser expuestas a promastigotes o amastigotes. La vacuola parasitofora presentó características similares a las de los macrófagos. En su mayoría las FSDC presentaban 1 a 3 parásitos por célula. Las observaciones plantean la necesidad de estudiar la relación entre capacidad de fagocitosis y función...

Introduction. Dendritic cells, which capture and present antigen to activate unprimed T cell, are found in most tissues. Objective. This work describes the ultrastructure of Leishmania mexicana phagocytosis by the fetal skin dendritic cell (FSDC) line, a Langerhans cell line isolated from mouse fetal epidermis immortalized by retroviral transduction of the v-myc oncogene. Materials and methods. Leishmania amastigotes were obtained from mouse (BALB/c) lesion and promastigotes from culture ( 24°C) of the lesion. FSDC cells were cultured with parasites (5 parasites per cell) using IMDM medium, during 24 hours. Control and infected cultures were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Semi-thin sections counterstained with toluidine blue to evaluate phagocytosis and thin sections counterstained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were made. Results. 13.42% of the FSDC phagocytosed promastigotes; 8% contained a single parasite and 5.2% phagocytosed 2 or more. 20% of the FSDC phagocytosed amastigotes; 10% contained a single parasite and 10% phagocytosed 2 or more. Ultrastructurally, promastigotes in contact with FSDC by the flagellum or the posterior pole were observed. The parasitophorous vacuoles harbouring promastigotes were small organelles containing one or two parasites each. Parasitophorous vacuoles containing amastigotes were larger (8µm diameter) with one or several parasites free or attached to the vacuole at the posterior pole. Conclusion. The low rate of infected FSDC cells was characteristic and the parasitophorous vacuole showed similar characteristics to those observed in macrophages. The parasite density in the infected cells was 1 to 3 parasites per cell. These observations highlight the need to study the relationship between phagocytic capacity and function.